I-GPV

I-GPC Significantly inhibited the growth, proliferation, and viability of cancer cells by activating the apoptotic process via caspase-3 overexpression and the regulation of Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic protein.

One of the primary ways I-GPV kills cancer is by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death). It downregulates anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2 and upregulates pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax, disrupting the balance that cancer cells rely on for survival. This triggers the mitochondrial pathway, leading to the release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspases, enzymes that dismantle cancer cells.

I-GPV also inhibits proliferation by interfering with the cell cycle and halting cancer cell growth. Additionally, it suppresses angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow and spread, effectively starving cancer cells of nutrients.

The powerful antioxidant properties help neutralize free radicals, preventing DNA damage that can lead to mutations and cancer progression. Its anti-inflammatory effects reduce chronic inflammation, a known risk factor for cancer development.

I-GPV has shown promise in preclinical studies against various cancers, including breast, colon, liver, and skin cancers. I-GPV holds potential as a complementary approach to conventional therapies.

The anticancer effects of I-GPV

Mechanisms of Action

  1. Induction of Apoptosis
    Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a natural process that eliminates damaged or abnormal cells. Cancer cells often evade apoptosis, enabling their unchecked growth. I-GPV restore apoptotic pathways in cancer cells by:

Targeting Bcl-2 Proteins:
I-GPV compounds downregulate anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL while upregulating pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax and Bak. This disrupts the mitochondrial membrane’s integrity, leading to the release of cytochrome c and activation of caspases, key enzymes in the apoptotic process.

Activating Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways:
I-GPV induces both the intrinsic (mitochondrial) and extrinsic (death receptor) pathways of apoptosis. The intrinsic pathway is triggered by mitochondrial damage, while the extrinsic pathway involves death receptors like Fas and TRAIL receptors.

  1. Antioxidant Effects
    Oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants, contributes to cancer initiation and progression by damaging DNA and promoting mutations. I-GPV’s high antioxidant content:
  • Neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevents oxidative damage to cellular components.
  • Inhibits lipid peroxidation and enhances the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase.


By reducing oxidative stress, I-GPV mitigates one of the primary triggers of cancer development.

  1. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
    Chronic inflammation is a key driver of tumorigenesis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β create a tumor-promoting microenvironment. I-GPV combats inflammation by:
  • Inhibiting the activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), a transcription factor that regulates genes involved in inflammation and cancer.
  • Reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
  • This anti-inflammatory action disrupts the inflammatory cycle that supports tumor growth and progression.
  1. Inhibition of Angiogenesis
    Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. I-GPV compounds block angiogenesis by:
  • Suppressing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors.
  • Inhibiting the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, which are necessary for new blood vessel formation.
  • By cutting off the blood supply to tumors, I-GPV effectively starves cancer cells of oxygen and nutrients.
  1. Suppression of Tumor Cell Proliferation
    Cancer cells exhibit uncontrolled division and growth. I-GPV interferes with this process by:
  • Inhibiting Cell Cycle Progression:
    I-GPV arrest the cell cycle at specific checkpoints (e.g., G0/G1 or G2/M), preventing cancer cells from dividing.

Disrupting Growth Signaling Pathways:
I-GPV modulates signaling pathways like PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK, which are crucial for cell survival and proliferation.

  1. Modulation of the Tumor Microenvironment
    The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in cancer progression. I-GPV modifies the TME by:
  • Reducing the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix and facilitate cancer invasion.
  • Enhancing immune cell activity, potentially boosting the body’s natural defense against tumors.
  1. Synergistic Effects with Conventional Therapies
    I-GPV compounds may enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation therapy by sensitizing cancer cells to treatment. For example:

Overcoming Drug Resistance:
By targeting survival pathways and restoring apoptosis, I-GPV can help counteract resistance to chemotherapy drugs like cisplatin or doxorubicin.

Reducing Side Effects:
I-GPV’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may protect normal cells from the harmful effects of chemotherapy and radiation.

Evidence from Research Studies


In Vitro Studies
Breast Cancer:
I-GPV extract induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). The effects were attributed to the downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax.

Colon Cancer:
Studies demonstrated that I-GPV inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells by arresting the cell cycle and promoting apoptosis.

Liver Cancer:
I-GPV extract reduced oxidative stress and suppressed tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.

In Vivo Studies
Animal studies have supported I-GPV’s anticancer effects. For example, in mouse models of colon cancer, I-GPV extract reduced tumor size and prevented metastasis by inhibiting angiogenesis and inflammation.

Practical Applications
Dietary Use:
Oral capsules used daily

Combination Therapies:
I-GPV could be used alongside conventional therapies to enhance efficacy and reduce side effects.


I-GPV possesses a wide range of anticancer properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic effects. Its bioactive compounds target multiple pathways involved in cancer development, progression, and metastasis. While not a standalone treatment, I-GPV holds great potential in cancer prevention and therapy. Continued research will help unlock its full potential in integrative oncology.

Antimicrobial Action

I-GPV has antimicrobial properties and exhibit broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and some viruses, making I-GPV a valuable antimicrobial agent.

Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action
Disruption of Cell Membranes:

I-GPV, interact with bacterial and fungal cell membranes, increasing permeability and causing leakage of cellular contents.
This effect compromises the structural integrity of the pathogen, leading to its death.

Inhibition of Enzymatic Activity:

I-GPV extracts inhibit key enzymes essential for microbial survival, such as those involved in energy production and cell wall synthesis.
I-GPV can bind to microbial enzymes, reducing their functionality.

Metal Ion Chelation:

I-GPV’s polyphenols chelate essential metal ions like iron, which microbes require for metabolic processes, effectively starving them of nutrients.

Disruption of Biofilm Formation:

Biofilms are protective layers formed by microbes that make them resistant to antimicrobial agents. I-GPV prevents biofilm formation and may help disrupt established biofilms, increasing the susceptibility of microbes to other treatments.

Oxidative Damage:
I-GPV generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in microbial cells, leading to oxidative stress and cell damage.

Gut Health

I-GPV promoting a healthy gut microbiome, reducing inflammation, and protecting the gastrointestinal lining.

Here’s how I-GPV contributes to gut health:

  1. Antioxidant Protection
    The high antioxidant content in I-GPV, primarily due to polyphenols like gallic acid and flavonoids such as quercetin, helps neutralize free radicals in the gut. This reduces oxidative stress, which is a contributor to gut inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining. By preserving the integrity of the gut lining, I-GPV helps prevent conditions like leaky gut syndrome.
  2. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
    Chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis. I-GPV inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6, and suppresses the activity of NF-κB, a key regulator of inflammation. This makes I-GPV beneficial for managing inflammation-related gut disorders.
  3. Antimicrobial Activity
    I-GPV’s antimicrobial properties play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy gut microbiota by:
  • Inhibiting harmful pathogens like Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, and Helicobacter pylori, which are linked to gastrointestinal infections and ulcers.
  • Supporting beneficial gut bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium.
  • This dual action promotes a balanced gut microbiome, crucial for optimal digestion, immunity, and overall health.
  1. Modulation of Gut Microbiota
    Polyphenols in I-GPV are metabolized by gut bacteria into bioactive metabolites that influence microbial composition. Research suggests that I-GPV compounds can:
  • Enhance the growth of beneficial bacteria, which produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate.
  • SCFAs are vital for maintaining gut barrier integrity and reducing inflammation.
  • Suppress the growth of opportunistic pathogens, thus preventing dysbiosis (imbalance in gut microbiota).
  1. Protection Against Gastric Ulcers
    I-GPV contains compounds with gastroprotective properties that may help prevent or heal gastric ulcers.
  1. Support for Digestive Processes
    I-GPV aids digestion by:
  • Stimulating bile production, which is essential for fat digestion and nutrient absorption.
  • Alleviating symptoms like bloating and indigestion, thanks to its carminative properties.
  1. Potential Role in Preventing Colorectal Cancer
    The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of I-GPV may help reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. By neutralizing oxidative stress and inflammation, and by promoting a healthy gut microbiota, I-GPV contributes to the prevention of cancerous changes in the colon.

Reduce beta-amyloid toxicity

I-GPV reducing beta-amyloid toxicity by:

  • Inhibiting aggregation of beta-amyloid peptides.
  • Neutralizing oxidative stress triggered by beta-amyloid.
  • Reducing neuroinflammation linked to beta-amyloid’s effects.
  • Enhancing pathways involved in beta-amyloid clearance.

Enhance Cellular Longevity and Autophagy

Autophagy is a cellular housekeeping mechanism that removes damaged proteins, organelles, and cellular debris. As we age, the efficiency of autophagy declines. I-GPV antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects can stimulate autophagy, promoting cellular repair and renewal.

By enhancing autophagy, I-GPV can:

  • Remove damaged cellular components.
  • Delay age-related cellular dysfunction.
  • Support tissue repair and regeneration.